inference/research
verifiedhigh · 0.90updated 2026-10-03

LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct

hybrid-attention-ssm 1.17B

Fields

id
models/lfm2-5-1-2b-instruct
Family
lfm2
Vendor
Liquid AI
Release year
2026
Architecture
hybrid-attention-ssm
Params (B)
1.17
Active params (B)
1.17
Hidden size
2,048
Layers
16
KV heads
8
Head dim
64
GQA ratio
4
Max context
128,000
Context scaling method
native
Activation
swiglu
Attention variant
hybrid: layer_types = 10x conv + 6x full_attention of 16
Attention layer indices
258101214
Layer types
convconvfull_attentionconvconvfull_attentionconvconvfull_attentionconvfull_attentionconvfull_attentionconvfull_attentionconv
KV cache (bytes/token)
0
FLOPs per active token
2,340,000,000
Open weights
yes
License
LFM Open License 1.0 (license: other)
notes
Safetensors total is 1170340608 — IDENTICAL to LFM2-1.2B, so LFM2.5-1.2B is a retrained/dropped-in successor of the same shape, not a new architecture. Every geometry field matches too (hidden 2048, 16 layers, 32/8 heads, 65536 vocab). Its real contribution is that config.json now spells the mix out as a layer_types array: ['conv','conv','full_attention','conv','conv','full_attention','conv','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv'] — exactly 10 conv and 6 full_attention out of 16, matching LFM2's full_attn_idxs. That array is the field to read; there is no num_experts and no MoE anything, the 'mixture' is conv/attention. head_dim derived = 2048 / 32 = 64. Attention slice only: 6 * 8 * 64 * 2 * 2 = 12288 bytes/token, constant in context length; recorded as 0 for the same reason as LFM2 — no growing KV cache. The 10 conv layers hold a fixed conv_L_cache 3 state of conv_dim 2048, which is ~120 KB total and never grows. This model is the cleanest small-model demonstration that long-context serving cost is an architecture choice: 128k context at 12288 B/token of attention KV is 1.5 GiB, constant beyond that point. intermediate_size 12288, tie_embedding true (note the misspelled key in config.json), rope_theta 1e6. Vendor ships official GGUF (LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-GGUF, 356k downloads — the most-downloaded GGUF in the LFM2 family) and official ONNX, plus MLX 4/6/8-bit Apple-silicon ports. License lfm1.0, non-standard. SERVICEABILITY JOIN (added 2026-10-03; the architecture x engine matrix this record was missing, with a citation per cell in docs/13-model-compatibility.md): FAMILY=hybrid-attention-ssm. REQUIRED KERNEL CLASS: two kernel families in one graph - a chunked linear-attention / delta-rule kernel for the SSM or linear-attention layers, and an ordinary or MLA decode kernel for the full-attention minority - plus a fixed-size recurrent state allocator. Three independent records say the recurrent branch is the hard part: flop/ssm-recurrent-state-update (the state is a fixed per-sequence tax that never amortises, so it scales with concurrency and NOT with context); flop/ssm-sequential-scan-tensor-core-mismatch (the recurrence is a multiplicative chain that tensor cores cannot express, so it must run as a sequential scan; the published SSD-vs-fused-scan gap is 2-8x for identical mathematics); and llama.cpp's own dispatch table, which puts every hybrid and SSM architecture in its supports_sm_tensor == false list [[mdl2-llamacpp-arch-class-registry]] - the engine agreeing with the arithmetic. That same list also shows llama.cpp needed ONE shared hybrid code path (llm_arch_is_hybrid, 18 entries: JAMBA, FALCON_H1, PLAMO2, GRANITE_HYBRID, LFM2, LFM2MOE, NEMOTRON_H, NEMOTRON_H_MOE, QWEN3NEXT, KIMI_LINEAR, BAILINGMOE3, KIMI_K3, GLM5_NEXT, QWEN35, QWEN35MOE, QWEN4EXP, DEEPSEEK4, MINIMAX_01) covering exactly the families vLLM and SGLang each ship as separate rows, which is why hybrid support arrives per engine release rather than at once. SUPPORTED BY (cited): vLLM native rows MambaForCausalLM, Mamba2ForCausalLM, JambaForCausalLM, FalconMambaForCausalLM, FalconH1ForCausalLM, NemotronHForCausalLM, GraniteMoeHybridForCausalLM, Qwen3NextForCausalLM, KimiLinearForCausalLM, Lfm2ForCausalLM, Lfm2MoeForCausalLM, OlmoHybridForCausalLM, KimiK3ForConditionalGeneration, BailingMoeV3ForCausalLM, Qwen3_5 rows [[mdl2-vllm-supported-models-2026-10]]; SGLang generative table names Granite 4.0 micro as 'hybrid Mamba-MoE ... combining gated short convolutions with a small number of grouped query attention blocks', Kimi Linear as 'hybrid linear attention model ... Kimi Delta Attention (KDA) for up to 6x faster decoding and 75% KV cache reduction vs full attention', Nemotron Nano as 'hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture', Ling as 'hybrid MoE model: per-layer mix of DeepSeek-style MLA full attention and Qwen3 Gated-Delta-Net (GDN) linear attention', LFM2 as 'hybrid backbone', Mamba-Codestral as 'Mamba2 ... holds no KV cache', and its multimodal page carries the descriptor 'hybrid KDA/MLA' [[mdl2-sglang-generative-models]] [[mdl2-sglang-multimodal-language-models]]. TensorRT-LLM has rows for NemotronHForCausalLM, Qwen3NextForCausalLM, Qwen3_5MoeForCausalLM, Qwen4ExpForCausalLM, KimiLinearForCausalLM and KimiK3ForConditionalGeneration but NO row at all for MambaForCausalLM, Mamba2ForCausalLM, FalconH1ForCausalLM, Lfm2ForCausalLM or GraniteMoeHybridForCausalLM [[mdl2-trtllm-supported-models]]. PER-FAMILY FEATURE TRAPS, all from the TRT-LLM key-models matrix, which is the only per-architecture feature matrix in this repo [[mdl2-trtllm-supported-models]]: Qwen3NextForCausalLM has Sliding Window Attention = No and Speculative Decoding = No; Kimi K3 has no MTP or EAGLE-3 head at all (spec method DSpark only) and needs Blackwell SM100; MiniMax-M3 sparse-attention path supports neither KV cache reuse nor MTP in this release; DeepSeek-V4 and Step-3.7 are 'Untested' for disaggregated serving. KERNEL BUGS THAT ARE ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC AND REPRODUCED: (1) vLLM's EAGLE last-block drop (drop_eagle_block) costs 6-10 points of prefix-cache hit rate, and on a hybrid GDN/Mamba layout the scheduler alignment unit is 1,648 tokens instead of a 16-token dense block, so the same protection costs ~100x more cache hit - 97.5% to 86.9-91.7% hit rate and 30-40% batch throughput on prefix-reusing workloads [[eagle-prefix-cache-last-block-drop]]. (2) llama.cpp decode collapses on hybrid gated-deltanet GGUF models at high KV position: 33 t/s at 68K to 1.4 t/s at 91K with the model fully resident, across KV quant types and with FA on or off, reproduced on Windows and WSL2 on master and release [[gated-deltanet-decode-collapse-long-context]]. (3) llama.cpp's SYCL path has a regression specific to hybrid linear-attention graphs - qwen3next/qwen3_35 architecture models crash in ggml_sycl_op_mul_mat or return empty output on 2x Arc Pro B60, bracketed between builds b8477 (works) and b9479 (fails), while dense-attention models on the same cards are unaffected [[sycl-hybrid-linear-attention-arch-crash-intel-arc]]. (4) FlashInfer rejects large head sizes at engine init for the head geometry these hybrids introduce [[flashinfer-rejects-large-head-dim]]. LAYER LAYOUT (lfm2-5-1-2b-instruct): layer_types read verbatim from config, one entry per layer; attention_layer_indices are the 0-based positions of the full-attention entries.

Notes

Safetensors total is 1170340608 — IDENTICAL to LFM2-1.2B, so LFM2.5-1.2B is a retrained/dropped-in successor of the same shape, not a new architecture. Every geometry field matches too (hidden 2048, 16 layers, 32/8 heads, 65536 vocab). Its real contribution is that config.json now spells the mix out as a layer_types array: ['conv','conv','full_attention','conv','conv','full_attention','conv','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv','full_attention','conv'] — exactly 10 conv and 6 full_attention out of 16, matching LFM2's full_attn_idxs. That array is the field to read; there is no num_experts and no MoE anything, the 'mixture' is conv/attention. head_dim derived = 2048 / 32 = 64. Attention slice only: 6 * 8 * 64 * 2 * 2 = 12288 bytes/token, constant in context length; recorded as 0 for the same reason as LFM2 — no growing KV cache. The 10 conv layers hold a fixed conv_L_cache 3 state of conv_dim 2048, which is ~120 KB total and never grows. This model is the cleanest small-model demonstration that long-context serving cost is an architecture choice: 128k context at 12288 B/token of attention KV is 1.5 GiB, constant beyond that point. intermediate_size 12288, tie_embedding true (note the misspelled key in config.json), rope_theta 1e6. Vendor ships official GGUF (LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct-GGUF, 356k downloads — the most-downloaded GGUF in the LFM2 family) and official ONNX, plus MLX 4/6/8-bit Apple-silicon ports. License lfm1.0, non-standard.

SERVICEABILITY JOIN (added 2026-10-03; the architecture x engine matrix this record was missing, with a citation per cell in docs/13-model-compatibility.md): FAMILY=hybrid-attention-ssm. REQUIRED KERNEL CLASS: two kernel families in one graph - a chunked linear-attention / delta-rule kernel for the SSM or linear-attention layers, and an ordinary or MLA decode kernel for the full-attention minority - plus a fixed-size recurrent state allocator. Three independent records say the recurrent branch is the hard part: flop/ssm-recurrent-state-update (the state is a fixed per-sequence tax that never amortises, so it scales with concurrency and NOT with context); flop/ssm-sequential-scan-tensor-core-mismatch (the recurrence is a multiplicative chain that tensor cores cannot express, so it must run as a sequential scan; the published SSD-vs-fused-scan gap is 2-8x for identical mathematics); and llama.cpp's own dispatch table, which puts every hybrid and SSM architecture in its supports_sm_tensor == false list [[mdl2-llamacpp-arch-class-registry]] - the engine agreeing with the arithmetic. That same list also shows llama.cpp needed ONE shared hybrid code path (llm_arch_is_hybrid, 18 entries: JAMBA, FALCON_H1, PLAMO2, GRANITE_HYBRID, LFM2, LFM2MOE, NEMOTRON_H, NEMOTRON_H_MOE, QWEN3NEXT, KIMI_LINEAR, BAILINGMOE3, KIMI_K3, GLM5_NEXT, QWEN35, QWEN35MOE, QWEN4EXP, DEEPSEEK4, MINIMAX_01) covering exactly the families vLLM and SGLang each ship as separate rows, which is why hybrid support arrives per engine release rather than at once. SUPPORTED BY (cited): vLLM native rows MambaForCausalLM, Mamba2ForCausalLM, JambaForCausalLM, FalconMambaForCausalLM, FalconH1ForCausalLM, NemotronHForCausalLM, GraniteMoeHybridForCausalLM, Qwen3NextForCausalLM, KimiLinearForCausalLM, Lfm2ForCausalLM, Lfm2MoeForCausalLM, OlmoHybridForCausalLM, KimiK3ForConditionalGeneration, BailingMoeV3ForCausalLM, Qwen3_5 rows [[mdl2-vllm-supported-models-2026-10]]; SGLang generative table names Granite 4.0 micro as 'hybrid Mamba-MoE ... combining gated short convolutions with a small number of grouped query attention blocks', Kimi Linear as 'hybrid linear attention model ... Kimi Delta Attention (KDA) for up to 6x faster decoding and 75% KV cache reduction vs full attention', Nemotron Nano as 'hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture', Ling as 'hybrid MoE model: per-layer mix of DeepSeek-style MLA full attention and Qwen3 Gated-Delta-Net (GDN) linear attention', LFM2 as 'hybrid backbone', Mamba-Codestral as 'Mamba2 ... holds no KV cache', and its multimodal page carries the descriptor 'hybrid KDA/MLA' [[mdl2-sglang-generative-models]] [[mdl2-sglang-multimodal-language-models]]. TensorRT-LLM has rows for NemotronHForCausalLM, Qwen3NextForCausalLM, Qwen3_5MoeForCausalLM, Qwen4ExpForCausalLM, KimiLinearForCausalLM and KimiK3ForConditionalGeneration but NO row at all for MambaForCausalLM, Mamba2ForCausalLM, FalconH1ForCausalLM, Lfm2ForCausalLM or GraniteMoeHybridForCausalLM [[mdl2-trtllm-supported-models]]. PER-FAMILY FEATURE TRAPS, all from the TRT-LLM key-models matrix, which is the only per-architecture feature matrix in this repo [[mdl2-trtllm-supported-models]]: Qwen3NextForCausalLM has Sliding Window Attention = No and Speculative Decoding = No; Kimi K3 has no MTP or EAGLE-3 head at all (spec method DSpark only) and needs Blackwell SM100; MiniMax-M3 sparse-attention path supports neither KV cache reuse nor MTP in this release; DeepSeek-V4 and Step-3.7 are 'Untested' for disaggregated serving. KERNEL BUGS THAT ARE ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC AND REPRODUCED: (1) vLLM's EAGLE last-block drop (drop_eagle_block) costs 6-10 points of prefix-cache hit rate, and on a hybrid GDN/Mamba layout the scheduler alignment unit is 1,648 tokens instead of a 16-token dense block, so the same protection costs ~100x more cache hit - 97.5% to 86.9-91.7% hit rate and 30-40% batch throughput on prefix-reusing workloads [[eagle-prefix-cache-last-block-drop]]. (2) llama.cpp decode collapses on hybrid gated-deltanet GGUF models at high KV position: 33 t/s at 68K to 1.4 t/s at 91K with the model fully resident, across KV quant types and with FA on or off, reproduced on Windows and WSL2 on master and release [[gated-deltanet-decode-collapse-long-context]]. (3) llama.cpp's SYCL path has a regression specific to hybrid linear-attention graphs - qwen3next/qwen3_35 architecture models crash in ggml_sycl_op_mul_mat or return empty output on 2x Arc Pro B60, bracketed between builds b8477 (works) and b9479 (fails), while dense-attention models on the same cards are unaffected [[sycl-hybrid-linear-attention-arch-crash-intel-arc]]. (4) FlashInfer rejects large head sizes at engine init for the head geometry these hybrids introduce [[flashinfer-rejects-large-head-dim]].

LAYER LAYOUT (lfm2-5-1-2b-instruct): layer_types read verbatim from config, one entry per layer; attention_layer_indices are the 0-based positions of the full-attention entries.

Cross-references

This record references no other records — it is a leaf. It is cited by 0.